The inclusion of NMDA antagonists in chronic pain management has proven essential in the management of a variety of chronic pain. The...

Optimising intra-operative analgesia Veterinary practitioners are currently facing a shortage of isoflurane, leading many to wonder how...

The first reported use of local anaesthetic for surgical purposes was by a Peruvian army surgeon, that drug being cocaine, derived from...

The most common NMDA antagonist we use in every day practice is ketamine which we use as an infusion or bolus. Ketamine is a modulator of...

The recent publication of a review entitled ‘Chronic maladaptive pain in cats: A review of current and future drug treatment options’ by...

Grapiprant is a novel analgesic licensed for managing pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) in dogs. It launched in the UK early 2019,...

Opioids are the mainstay of analgesia in veterinary practice and should be considered as first line for all animals in pain. Secondly, we...

Medication protocols for emotionally challenged dogs during veterinary visits and procedures   from Zero Pain Philosophy and Behavioural...

September is designated as pain month for the American Chronic Pain Association. The aim is to increase the awareness of painful...

A common question I am asked is should I go multimodal from day one in osteoarthritis with my analgesics? Let's be clear - NSAIDs are...

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of neuropathic pain is; 'Pain initiated or caused by a primary...

Amantadine is an oral NMDA antagonist used for the management of chronic pain in dogs and cats. Amantadine has pharmacological actions as...

What is pain? The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain is; Pain is a complex sensory and emotional...

There are two approaches to the teaching and theory of acupuncture (AP), traditional chinese medicine (TCM) and the western scientific...

Paracetamol is useful as an alternative to NSAIDs in dogs that will not tolerate an NSAID or as an adjunct to NSAIDs in chronic pain....

Options for peri-operative intra-articular (IA) analgesics are opioids or local anaesthetics. Over recent years concerns have been raised...

With the latest evidence showing the superiority of local anaesthetics over opioids for patient comfort, the following discussion focuses...

Epidural analgesia (or more anatomically, extradural) is used to provide analgesia to the pelvic limbs but will also afford analgesia to...

Pre-emptive analgesia has been defined as ‘an antinociceptive treatment that prevents establishment of altered central processing of...