A common question I am asked is should I go multimodal from day one in osteoarthritis with my analgesics? Let's be clear - NSAIDs are...

The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of neuropathic pain is; 'Pain initiated or caused by a primary...

Amantadine is an oral NMDA antagonist used for the management of chronic pain in dogs and cats. Amantadine has pharmacological actions as...

What is pain? The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) definition of pain is; Pain is a complex sensory and emotional...

There are two approaches to the teaching and theory of acupuncture (AP), traditional chinese medicine (TCM) and the western scientific...

Paracetamol is useful as an alternative to NSAIDs in dogs that will not tolerate an NSAID or as an adjunct to NSAIDs in chronic pain....

Options for peri-operative intra-articular (IA) analgesics are opioids or local anaesthetics. Over recent years concerns have been raised...

With the latest evidence showing the superiority of local anaesthetics over opioids for patient comfort, the following discussion focuses...

Epidural analgesia (or more anatomically, extradural) is used to provide analgesia to the pelvic limbs but will also afford analgesia to...

Pre-emptive analgesia has been defined as ‘an antinociceptive treatment that prevents establishment of altered central processing of...